The US Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) has introduced new export controls targeting metal additive manufacturing and 3D printers. Implemented through an interim final rule, these controls aim to enhance national security, counter terrorism threats, and promote regional stability. The regulation establishes new Export Control Classification Numbers (ECCNs) for metal 3D printers using technologies like laser beams, electron beams, and electric arcs, reflecting a commitment to safeguard advanced manufacturing technologies.
The updated regulations specifically target 3D printers designed to produce metal or metal alloy components using methods such as laser beams, electron beams, or electric arcs. These technologies are classified under new Export Control Classification Numbers (ECCNs), requiring licenses for shipping outside the US. Additional restrictions apply to cryocooling systems, quantum computing technologies, semiconductor equipment, and gate-all-around field-effect transistor (GAAFET) technologies.
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Global Metal 3D Printers Market
A presumption of approval is established for exports to Country Group A:1, which includes many European Union countries, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Japan, and Australia. Conversely, exports to high-risk markets such as China and Russia (Country Groups D:1 and D:5) face a presumption of denial, tightening restrictions considerably.
According to BIS Research, the 3D printing software and services market was valued at $9.66 billion in 2021 and is projected to grow to $80.85 billion by 2031, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 24.3% from 2022 to 2031.
These export controls reflect a growing global trend toward stricter regulations aimed at safeguarding advanced technologies. The BIS seeks to align US policies with those of allies, mirroring similar measures enacted by the UK, France, Spain, and the Netherlands, which also introduced export controls on emerging technologies to protect national security and economic interests.
Introduction of License Exception Implemented Export Controls (IEC)
The BIS’s interim final rule introduces License Exception Implemented Export Controls (IEC) to facilitate exports to countries with comparable export control frameworks, such as Italy and Japan. Under the new guidelines, specific metal 3D printers that use inert gas or maintain vacuum levels of 100 Pa or less are now controlled, alongside systems equipped with advanced monitoring technologies like imaging cameras, pyrometers, and radiometers.
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Additionally, cryocooling systems capable of cooling at 600 ?W or lower than -273.05°C for extended periods are now under regulation. Quantum computing technologies, GAAFET devices, and advanced semiconductor equipment are also affected by these new controls.
The BIS’s intent is clear: to prevent next-generation metal 3D printers from being accessed by malicious actors who might exploit them for military advancements. These sophisticated systems can significantly enhance part performance and military capabilities, prompting the need for stricter oversight.
As the landscape of 3D printing and technology export continues to evolve, the implications of these new regulations will be closely monitored by industry stakeholders and governments alike. The focus on national security and technological integrity underscores the importance of maintaining robust compliance and proactive measures in the evolving global marketplace.
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